Iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga rya bateri mu buryo bwo kubika ingufu zo mu mazi

Intangiriro

Uko isi igenda igana ku bisubizo by’ingufu zibungabunga ibidukikije, bateri za lithium zarushijeho kwitabwaho. Nubwo imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zimaze imyaka irenga icumi zigaragara, ubushobozi bwo kubika ingufu z’amashanyarazi mu nyanja ntibwigeze bufatwa nk’aho buhari. Ariko, habayeho ukwiyongera mu bushakashatsi bwibanda ku kunoza ikoreshwa rya bateri za lithium mu bubiko no mu mikoreshereze y’amazi mu bwato butandukanye. Bateri za Lithium-ion phosphate deep cycle muri uru rubanza zirakurura cyane bitewe n’ubucucike bwazo bw’ingufu nyinshi, ubushobozi bwazo bwo kugumana ingufu mu mazi, no kumara igihe kirekire mu rugendo rw’amazi bitewe n’ibisabwa bikomeye na sisitemu zo gutwara ingufu mu mazi.

Uko gushyiraho bateri za lithium mu bubiko bigenda birushaho gukomera, ni nako ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amabwiriza yo kurinda umutekano rigenda rirushaho kwiyongera. ISO/TS 23625 ni rimwe mu mabwiriza yibanda ku guhitamo bateri, gushyiraho no kurinda umutekano. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko umutekano ari ingenzi cyane iyo bigeze ku ikoreshwa rya bateri za lithium, cyane cyane ku birebana n’ingaruka z’inkongi.

Uburyo bwo kubika ingufu zo mu mazi

Uburyo bwo kubika ingufu zo mu mazi buri kugenda burushaho kuba igisubizo gikunzwe mu nganda zo mu mazi uko isi igenda igana ku hazaza harambye kandi hatangiza ibidukikije. Nk'uko izina ribigaragaza, ubu buryo bwagenewe kubika ingufu mu mazi kandi bushobora gukoreshwa mu bintu bitandukanye, kuva ku gutwara amato n'ubwato kugeza ku gutanga ingufu zo kuzishyigikira mu gihe habaye ikibazo cyihutirwa.

Ubwoko busanzwe bwo kubika ingufu zo mu mazi ni bateri ya lithium-ion, bitewe n'ubucucike bwayo buhanitse bw'ingufu, uburyo yizewe kandi ifite umutekano. Bateri za lithium-ion zishobora kandi guhindurwa kugira ngo zihuze n'ingufu zisabwa mu buryo butandukanye bwo mu mazi.

Imwe mu nyungu z'ingenzi za sisitemu zo kubika ingufu zo mu mazi ni ubushobozi bwazo bwo gusimbuza moteri zikoresha mazutu. Mu gukoresha bateri za lithiamu-iyoni, izi sisitemu zishobora gutanga isoko ryizewe kandi rirambye ry'ingufu zitandukanye. Ibi birimo ingufu z'inyongera, amatara, n'ibindi bikenewe mu amashanyarazi mu bwato cyangwa mu bwato. Uretse izi porogaramu, sisitemu zo kubika ingufu zo mu mazi zishobora no gukoreshwa mu gutanga ingufu ku buryo bw'amashanyarazi, bigatuma ziba ubundi buryo bushoboka bwo gusimbura moteri zisanzwe zikoresha mazutu. Zikwiriye cyane cyane amato mato akorera ahantu hato cyane.

Muri rusange, uburyo bwo kubika ingufu zo mu mazi ni ingenzi mu guhindura ejo hazaza harambye kandi hatangiza ibidukikije mu nganda z’amazi.

Ibyiza bya bateri za lithiamu

Imwe mu nyungu zigaragara zo gukoresha bateri za lithium zo kubika ugereranije na moteri ikoresha mazutu ni ukutagira imyuka ihumanya ikirere cyangwa ihumanya ikirere. Iyo bateri zishyuwe hakoreshejwe amasoko meza nka za paneli z'izuba cyangwa turbine z'umuyaga, bishobora kuba ingufu zisukuye 100%. Nanone kandi zihendutse mu bijyanye no kubungabunga kuko ibice byazo bike. Zitanga urusaku ruto cyane, bigatuma ziba nziza cyane mu guhagarara hafi y'aho abantu batuye cyangwa batuye.

Bateri za Lithium zo kubika si zo zonyine zishobora gukoreshwa. Mu by’ukuri, sisitemu za bateri zo mu mazi zishobora kugabanywamo bateri z’ibanze (zidashobora kongera gushyirwamo umuriro) na bateri z’inyongera (zishobora kongera gushyirwamo umuriro uhoraho). Izi za nyuma zigira akamaro kanini mu bukungu mu gihe kirekire, ndetse no mu gihe hatekerezwa ku kwangirika k’ubushobozi. Bateri za aside ya lead zakoreshejwe bwa mbere, kandi bateri za lithium zo kubika zifatwa nk’izishya. Ariko, ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko zitanga ingufu nyinshi kandi ziramba, bivuze ko zikwiriye gukoreshwa mu ntera ndende, kandi zikenera umutwaro mwinshi kandi zihuta cyane.

Nubwo hari ibyo byiza, abashakashatsi ntibigeze bagaragaza ibimenyetso byo kutishimira. Mu myaka yashize, imiterere n'ubushakashatsi bwinshi byibanze ku kunoza imikorere ya bateri za lithium zo kubika kugira ngo zinoze ikoreshwa ryazo mu mazi. Ibi birimo uruvange rushya rw'ibinyabutabire kuri electrodes na electrolytes zahinduwe kugira ngo birinde inkongi n'ubushyuhe bukabije.

Guhitamo bateri ya lithiamu

Hari ibintu byinshi ugomba kwitaho mu gihe uhitamo bateri za lithium zo kubikamo bateri ya lithium yo mu mazi. Ubushobozi ni ikintu cy'ingenzi ugomba kwitaho mu gihe uhitamo imashini yo kubikamo ingufu zo mu mazi. Igena ingufu ishobora kubikamo hanyuma, ingano y'akazi ishobora gukorwa mbere yo kongera kuyishyiramo ingufu. Iki ni igipimo cy'ibanze mu miterere y'imashini aho ubushobozi bugena urugendo cyangwa intera ubwato bushobora kunyuramo. Mu rwego rw'inyanja, aho umwanya ukunze kuba muto, ni ngombwa gushaka bateri ifite ingufu nyinshi. Bateri zifite ingufu nyinshi ziba nto kandi zoroshye, ibi bikaba ari ingenzi cyane ku bwato aho umwanya n'uburemere ari ibintu by'ingenzi.

Ibipimo by'amashanyarazi n'ubushyuhe nabyo ni ingenzi cyane mu guhitamo bateri za lithium zo kubikamo ibikoresho byo kubika ingufu zo mu mazi. Ibi bipimo bigena uburyo bateri ishobora gusharija no gusohora vuba, ibi bikaba ari ingenzi mu bikorwa aho ingufu zishobora guhindagurika vuba.

Ni ngombwa guhitamo bateri yagenewe gukoreshwa mu mazi. Ibidukikije byo mu mazi birakomeye, aho amazi y'umunyu ashobora kuba menshi, ubushuhe n'ubushyuhe bukabije. Bateri za lithium zo kubikamo zigenewe gukoreshwa mu mazi akenshi ziba zifite uburyo bwo kwirinda amazi no kurwanya ingese, ndetse n'ibindi bintu nko kwirinda guhinda no kudahita biguruka kugira ngo bikore neza mu bihe bigoye.

Umutekano w'inkongi y'umuriro nawo ni ingenzi cyane. Mu bikorwa byo mu mazi, hari umwanya muto wo kubika batiri kandi umuriro uwo ari wo wose ushobora gutera ibyuka bihumanya ndetse n'ibyangiritse bihenze. Ingamba zo gushyiraho zishobora gufatwa kugira ngo hagabanywe ikwirakwira ry'inkongi y'umuriro. RoyPow, ikigo cy'Abashinwa gikora batiri za lithium-ion, ni urugero rumwe aho ibikoresho bizimya umuriro byubatswemo bishyirwa mu gitereko cy'ipaki ya batiri. Ibi bikoresho bizimya umuriro bikoreshwa n'amashanyarazi cyangwa bitwikwa n'umurongo w'ubushyuhe. Ibi bizakoresha moteri ikora aerosol ibora icyuma gikonjesha hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa redox hanyuma ikagikwirakwiza kugira ngo kizimye umuriro vuba mbere yuko ukwirakwira. Ubu buryo ni bwiza cyane mu bikorwa byihuse, bukwiriye gukoreshwa mu mwanya muto nka batiri za lithium zo kubika mu mazi.

Umutekano n'ibisabwa

Ikoreshwa rya bateri za lithium zo kubika mu mazi riri kwiyongera, ariko umutekano ugomba kuba ikintu cy'ingenzi kugira ngo habeho igishushanyo mbonera n'ishyirwaho rikwiye. Bateri za lithium zishobora kwibasirwa n'ubushyuhe n'inkongi y'umuriro iyo zidafashwe neza, cyane cyane mu bidukikije bibi byo mu mazi birimo amazi y'umunyu n'ubushuhe bwinshi. Kugira ngo hakemurwe ibi bibazo, hashyizweho amahame n'amabwiriza ya ISO. Imwe muri ayo mahame ni ISO/TS 23625, itanga amabwiriza yo guhitamo no gushyiramo bateri za lithium mu mazi. Aya mahame agaragaza ibisabwa mu gushushanya, gushyiraho, kubungabunga no gukurikirana bateri kugira ngo bateri irambe kandi ikore neza. Byongeye kandi, ISO 19848-1 itanga amabwiriza ku igeragezwa n'imikorere ya bateri, harimo na bateri za lithium zo kubika, mu mazi.

ISO 26262 ifite kandi uruhare runini mu mutekano w’imikorere y’amashanyarazi n’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga mu bwato bwo mu mazi, ndetse no mu zindi modoka. Iri hame ritegeka ko sisitemu yo gucunga bateri (BMS) igomba gutegurwa kugira ngo itange umuburo ugaragara cyangwa wumvikana ku muntu uyikoresha iyo bateri ifite ingufu nke, hamwe n’ibindi bisabwa mu mutekano. Nubwo gukurikiza amahame ya ISO ari ubushake, gukurikiza aya mabwiriza bitera umutekano, imikorere myiza, no kuramba kwa sisitemu za bateri.

Incamake

Bateri za lithium zo kubika zirimo kugaragara vuba nk'igisubizo cyiza cyo kubika ingufu mu mazi bitewe n'ubucucike bwazo bwinshi bw'ingufu no kumara igihe kirekire mu bihe bigoye. Izi bateri zirakoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye kandi zishobora gukoreshwa mu bikorwa bitandukanye byo mu mazi, kuva ku gukoresha amato y'amashanyarazi kugeza ku gutanga ingufu zo gusimbura sisitemu zo kuyobora. Byongeye kandi, iterambere rihoraho rya sisitemu nshya za bateri riri kwagura uburyo bushoboka bwo gukoresha harimo ubushakashatsi mu nyanja nini n'ahandi hantu hagoye. Gukoresha bateri za lithium zo kubika mu nganda zo mu mazi byitezweho kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere no guhindura uburyo bwo gutwara ibintu n'ubwikorezi.