I roto i ngā tau 50 kua pahure ake nei, kua piki haere tonu te whakamahinga hiko o te ao, me te whakatau tata ki te 25,300 terawatt-haora i te tau 2021. I te whakawhiti ki te ahumahi 4.0, kua piki ake ngā tono pūngao puta noa i te ao. Kei te piki haere ēnei tau i ia tau, kāore i te whakaurua ngā hiahia hiko o ngā rāngai ahumahi me ētahi atu rāngai ōhanga. Ko tēnei nekehanga ahumahi me te whakamahinga hiko nui e honoa ana ki ngā pānga huringa āhuarangi e kitea ake ana nā te nui o ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi. I tēnei wā, ko te nuinga o ngā tipu me ngā whare whakaputa hiko e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki ngā puna wahie pūmua (hinu me te hau) hei whakatutuki i aua tono. Nā ēnei āwangawanga āhuarangi ka ārai i te whakaputa pūngao tāpiri mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tuku iho. Nō reira, kua piki haere te hiranga o te whakawhanake i ngā pūnaha rokiroki pūngao whai hua me te pono hei whakarite i te tuku pūngao tonu me te pono mai i ngā puna whakahou.
Kua aro atu te rāngai pūngao mā te neke ki te pūngao hou, ki ngā otinga "kakariki" rānei. Kua āwhinahia te whakawhiti e ngā tikanga hanga kua whakapaitia, hei tauira, ko te hanga i ngā mata o te hau. Waihoki, kua taea e ngā kairangahau te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o ngā pūtau photovoltaic, ā, ka pai ake te whakaputa pūngao mō ia rohe whakamahinga. I te tau 2021, i tino piki ake te whakaputa hiko mai i ngā pūtake photovoltaic solar (PV), tae atu ki te 179 TWh me te tohu i te tipu o te 22% ki te whakataurite ki te tau 2020. Ko te hangarau PV solar inaianei e 3.6% o te whakaputa hiko o te ao, ā, koinei te tuatoru o ngā pūtake pūngao hou nui rawa atu i muri i te mana wai me te hau.
Heoi, kāore ēnei putanga hou e whakaoti i ētahi o ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā pūnaha pūngao hou, arā, ko te wātea. Ko te nuinga o ēnei tikanga kāore e whakaputa pūngao i te wā e hiahiatia ana pērā i ngā tipu hiko waro me te hinu. Hei tauira, kei te wātea ngā putanga pūngao rā puta noa i te awatea, engari he rerekētanga kei runga i ngā koki whiti o te rā me te tūnga o ngā panera PV. Kāore e taea te whakaputa pūngao i te pō, ā, ka tino heke te putanga i te takurua me ngā rā tino kapua. Ka pāngia hoki te mana hau e ngā rerekētanga kei runga i te tere o te hau. Nō reira, me hono atu ēnei otinga ki ngā pūnaha rokiroki pūngao kia mau tonu ai te tuku pūngao i ngā wā iti o te putanga.
He aha ngā pūnaha rokiroki pūngao?
Ka taea e ngā pūnaha rokiroki pūngao te penapena pūngao hei whakamahi i muri mai. I ētahi wā, ka puta he momo whakawhiti pūngao i waenga i te pūngao kua rongoatia me te pūngao kua whakaratohia. Ko te tauira tino noa ko ngā pākahiko hiko pēnei i ngā pākahiko lithium-ion, ngā pākahiko waikawa-mata rānei. Ka whakaratohia e rātou te pūngao hiko mā roto i ngā tauhohenga matū i waenga i ngā irahiko me te irahiko.
Ko ngā pākahiko, BESS rānei (pūnaha rokiroki pūngao pākahiko), te tikanga rokiroki pūngao tino noa e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā mahi o ia rā. Kei reira ētahi atu pūnaha rokiroki pērā i ngā tipu hiko wai e huri ana i te pūngao pūmanawa o te wai e rongoatia ana i roto i te tāpua hei pūngao hiko. Mā te wai e taka iho ka huri te wira rere o te tāpine e whakaputa ana i te pūngao hiko. Ko tētahi atu tauira ko te hau kōpeke, ina tukuna ka huri te hau i te wira o te tāpine e whakaputa ana i te mana.
Ko te mea e wehewehe ana i ngā pākahiko mai i ētahi atu tikanga rokiroki ko ō rātou wāhi mahi pea. Mai i ngā taputapu iti me te tuku hiko motuka ki ngā tono whare me ngā pāmu pūngao rā nui, ka taea te whakauru pai i ngā pākahiko ki tetahi tono rokiroki kore-whatunga. I tetahi atu taha, ko ngā tikanga hiko wai me te hau kōpeke me whai hanganga nui me te uaua mō te rokiroki. Ka hua ake tēnei i ngā utu tino teitei e hiahia ana ki ngā tono nui kia tika ai.
Ngā tauira whakamahi mō ngā pūnaha rokiroki waho-kupenga.
E ai ki te kōrero i mua ake nei, ka taea e ngā pūnaha rokiroki waho-kupenga te whakahaere i te whakamahinga me te whakawhirinaki ki ngā tikanga pūngao hou pērā i te pūngao o te rā me te hau. Ahakoa rā, tera atu anō ngā tono ka nui te painga mai i aua pūnaha.
Ko te whāinga o ngā whatunga hiko o te tāone he whakarato i te nui o te hiko e tika ana i runga i te tuku me te tono o ia tāone. Ka taea e te hiko e hiahiatia ana te rerekē haere puta noa i te rā. Kua whakamahia ngā pūnaha rokiroki i waho o te whatunga hiko hei whakaiti i ngā rerekētanga me te whakarato i te pumau ake i ngā wā e tino hiahiatia ana. Mai i tētahi tirohanga rerekē, he tino whai hua ngā pūnaha rokiroki i waho o te whatunga hiko hei whakatika i tētahi hapa hangarau ohorere i roto i te whatunga hiko matua, i ngā wā tiaki kua whakaritea rānei. Ka taea e rātou te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga hiko me te kore e rapu i ngā puna hiko rerekē. Hei tauira, ka taea te kī ko te awha hukapapa o Texas i te tīmatanga o Pēpuere 2023 i waiho ai te tata ki te 262,000 tāngata kāore he hiko, ā, i whakaroahia ngā whakatikatika nā te uaua o te rangi.
Ko ngā waka hiko tētahi atu whakamahinga. Kua whakapau kaha ngā kairangahau ki te arotau i te hanga pākahiko me ngā rautaki utu/whakakorenga kia roa ake ai te roa me te kaha o ngā pākahiko. Ko ngā pākahiko lithium-ion kei mua i tēnei hurihanga iti, ā, kua whakamahia whānuitia i roto i ngā waka hiko hou tae atu ki ngā pahi hiko. I tēnei wā, ka taea e ngā pākahiko pai ake te arahi ki te maero nui ake engari ka whakaitihia hoki ngā wā utu mā te whakamahi i ngā hangarau tika.
Kua tino whai hua te whanaketanga o te pākahiko mō ētahi atu whanaketanga hangarau pēnei i ngā UAV me ngā karetao pūkoro. Ko ā rātou rautaki nekehanga me ā rātou rautaki whakahaere e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te kaha me te mana o te pākahiko.
He aha te BESS
Ko te pūnaha rokiroki pūngao BESS, arā, te pūnaha rokiroki pūngao pākahiko, he pūnaha rokiroki pūngao ka taea te whakamahi hei penapena pūngao. Ka taea te ahu mai i tēnei pūngao mai i te whatunga matua, mai i ngā pūtake pūngao whakahou rānei pērā i te pūngao hau me te pūngao rā. He maha ngā pākahiko kua whakaritea ki ngā whirihoranga rerekē (raupapa/whakarara) me te rahi i runga i ngā whakaritenga. Ka honoa ēnei ki tētahi kaitahuri e whakamahia ana hei huri i te mana DC ki te mana AC hei whakamahi. Ka whakamahia he pūnaha whakahaere pākahiko (BMS) hei aroturuki i ngā āhuatanga o te pākahiko me te mahi utu/whakakore.
Ki te whakaritea ki ētahi atu pūnaha rokiroki pūngao, he tino ngāwari te whakanoho/hono atu, ā, kāore e hiahiatia he hanganga tino utu nui, engari he nui tonu te utu, ā, me nui ake te tiaki i ia wā, i runga i te whakamahinga.
Te rahi me ngā tikanga whakamahi a te BESS
Ko te rahi o te pākahiko tētahi mea nui hei aro atu i te wā e tāuta ana i tētahi pūnaha rokiroki hiko pākahiko. E hia ngā pākahiko e hiahiatia ana? I roto i tēhea whirihoranga? I ētahi wā, ka whai wāhi nui te momo pākahiko ki te penapena utu me te whai huatanga mō te wā roa.
Ka mahia tēnei i ia keehi, i te mea ka whānuitia ngā tono mai i ngā whare iti ki ngā whare ahumahi nunui.
Ko te pūtake pūngao whakahou e tino kitea ana mō ngā whare iti, inā koa i ngā tāone nui, ko te pūngao rā e whakamahi ana i ngā panera photovoltaic. I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakaarohia e te miihini te toharite o te whakamahinga hiko o te whare, ā, ka aromatawaihia te hihi o te rā puta noa i te tau mō te wāhi motuhake. Ka whiriwhiria te maha o ngā pākahiko me te whirihoranga o ā rātou whatunga kia rite ki ngā hiahia o te whare i te wā iti rawa o te tuku hiko rā o te tau, me te kore e pau katoa ngā pākahiko. E whakaaro ana tēnei he otinga tēnei kia tino motuhake te mana mai i te whatunga matua.
He mea uaua pea te pupuri i te āhua utu taurite, te kore rānei e whakawātea katoa i ngā pākahiko i te tīmatanga. Nā te aha rā, he aha ai te whakamahi i tētahi pūnaha rokiroki mēnā kāore e taea te tango i tōna kaha katoa? I roto i te ariā ka taea, engari kāore pea koinei te rautaki e whakanui ana i te hokinga mai o te haumitanga.
Ko tētahi o ngā ngoikoretanga matua o BESS ko te utu nui o ngā pākahiko. Nō reira, he mea nui te whiriwhiri i tētahi tikanga whakamahi, i tētahi rautaki utu/whakakore rānei e whakanui ana i te roa o te ora o te pākahiko. Hei tauira, kāore e taea te whakakore i ngā pākahiko waikawa mata i raro i te 50% o te kaha me te kore e pāngia e te kino kore e taea te whakatika. He nui ake te kaha o ngā pākahiko lithium-ion, he roa te ora huringa. Ka taea hoki te whakakore i ngā pākahiko mā te whakamahi i ngā awhe nui ake, engari he utu piki ake tēnei. He nui te rerekētanga o te utu i waenga i ngā matū rerekē, ka taea e ngā pākahiko waikawa mata te utu rau ki te mano tāra te iti ake i te pākahiko lithium-ion o te rahi kotahi. Koinei te take e whakamahia nuitia ana ngā pākahiko waikawa mata i roto i ngā tono rā i ngā whenua o te ao tuatoru me ngā hapori rawakore.
He nui te pānga o te hekenga o te mahi a te pākahiko i te roanga o tōna oranga, kāore he mahi pumau e mutu ana me te pakaru ohorere. Engari, ka memeha haere te kaha me te kaha e whakaratohia ana. I roto i te mahi, ka kiia kua pau te roanga o te ora o te pākahiko ina tae tōna kaha ki te 80% o tōna kaha taketake. Arā, ina pāngia e te memeha o te kaha 20%. I roto i te mahi, ko te tikanga he iti ake te nui o te kaha ka taea te whakarato. Ka pā tēnei ki ngā wā whakamahinga mō ngā pūnaha motuhake me te nui o ngā maero ka taea e te EV te hipoki.
Ko tētahi atu mea hei whakaaroaro ko te haumaru. Nā te whanaketanga o te hanga me te hangarau, kua kaha ake te pumau o ngā pākahiko hou i ngā āhuatanga matū. Heoi, nā te hītori o te pirau me te whakamahinga kino, ka taea e ngā pūtau te rere ki roto i te wera, ka hua ake he hua kino, ā, i ētahi wā ka tūpono te ora o ngā kaihoko.
Koia te take i whakawhanake ai ngā kamupene i tētahi pūmanawa aroturuki pākahiko (BMS) pai ake hei whakahaere i te whakamahinga pākahiko me te aroturuki anō hoki i te āhua o te hauora kia pai ai te tiaki i te pākahiko i te wā tika, me te karo hoki i ngā pānga kino.
Whakamutunga
He whai wāhitanga nui ngā pūnaha rokiroki hiko o te whatunga hiko ki te whakatutuki i te mana motuhake mai i te whatunga hiko matua, engari ka whakaratohia hoki he puna hiko tārua i ngā wā whakatā me ngā wā taumaha. Mā te whakawhanaketanga o reira ka āwhina i te nekehanga ki ngā puna hiko matomato, ā, ka whakawhāiti i te pānga o te whakaputa hiko ki te huringa āhuarangi me te whakatutuki tonu i ngā whakaritenga hiko me te tipu tonu o te whakamahinga.
Ko ngā pūnaha rokiroki pūngao pākahiko te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana, ā, ko te mea ngāwari hoki ki te whirihora mō ngā mahi o ia rā. Heoi anō, he nui te utu hei ārai i tō rātou ngāwari, ā, ka whakawhanakehia ngā rautaki aroturuki hei whakaroa i te roa o te ora o ia pākahiko. I tēnei wā, kei te kaha te mahi a te umanga me te ao mātauranga ki te rangahau me te mārama ki te pirau o te pākahiko i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē.
