Eminyakeni engama-50 edlule, kube nokwanda okuqhubekayo kokusetshenziswa kukagesi emhlabeni wonke, kanye nokusetshenziswa okulinganiselwa kuma-terawatt-hours angama-25,300 ngonyaka ka-2021. Ngokushintshela embonini 4.0, kukhona ukwanda kwezidingo zamandla emhlabeni wonke. Lezi zinombolo ziyanda minyaka yonke, kungabandakanyi izidingo zamandla zezimboni nezinye izinhlaka zezomnotho. Lokhu kushintsha kwezimboni kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kuhambisana nemiphumela ebonakalayo yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngenxa yokukhishwa ngokweqile kwamagesi okushisa. Njengamanje, izitshalo eziningi zokukhiqiza amandla kanye nezikhungo zithembele kakhulu emithonjeni yamafutha emvelo (uwoyela negesi) ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezinjalo. Lezi zinkinga zesimo sezulu zivimbela ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okwengeziwe kusetshenziswa izindlela ezivamile. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokugcina amandla ezisebenzayo nezithembekile kuye kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuhlinzekwa kwamandla okuqhubekayo nokuthembekile okuvela emithonjeni evuselelekayo.
Umkhakha wamandla uphendule ngokushintshela emandleni avuselelekayo noma izixazululo "eziluhlaza". Ushintsho lusizwe amasu okukhiqiza athuthukisiwe, okuholele ekukhiqizweni okuphumelelayo kakhulu kwama-wind turbine blades. Futhi, abacwaningi bakwazile ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamaseli e-photovoltaic, okuholele ekukhiqizweni okungcono kwamandla endaweni ngayinye yokusetshenziswa. Ngo-2021, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi okuvela emithonjeni ye-solar photovoltaic (PV) kwanda kakhulu, kwafinyelela irekhodi elingu-179 TWh futhi okumele ukukhula okungu-22% uma kuqhathaniswa no-2020. Ubuchwepheshe be-solar PV manje bungu-3.6% wokukhiqizwa kukagesi emhlabeni jikelele futhi okwamanje bungumthombo wesithathu ngobukhulu wamandla avuselelekayo ngemuva kwamandla kagesi angaphansi komhlaba nomoya.
Kodwa-ke, lezi zindlela ezintsha azixazululi ezinye zezingqinamba ezikhona zezinhlelo zamandla avuselelekayo, ikakhulukazi ukutholakala. Iningi lalezi zindlela alikhiqizi amandla uma kudingeka njengezikhungo zamandla amalahle namafutha. Isibonelo, ukuphuma kwamandla elanga kuyatholakala usuku lonke ngokushintshashintsha kuye ngama-engeli okukhanya kwelanga kanye nokubekwa kwamaphaneli e-PV. Awukwazi ukukhiqiza amandla ebusuku ngenkathi ukuphuma kwawo kuncipha kakhulu ngesikhathi sasebusika kanye nasezinsukwini ezinamafu kakhulu. Amandla omoya nawo ayahlupheka ngokushintshashintsha kuye ngesivinini somoya. Ngakho-ke, lezi zixazululo kudingeka zihlanganiswe nezinhlelo zokugcina amandla ukuze kugcinwe ukuhlinzekwa kwamandla ngezikhathi zokukhishwa okuphansi.
Ziyini izinhlelo zokugcina amandla?
Izinhlelo zokugcina amandla zingagcina amandla ukuze zisetshenziswe kamuva. Kwezinye izimo, kuzoba nohlobo lokuguqulwa kwamandla phakathi kwamandla agciniwe namandla anikeziwe. Isibonelo esivame kakhulu amabhethri kagesi afana namabhethri e-lithium-ion noma amabhethri e-lead-acid. Anikeza amandla kagesi ngendlela yokusabela kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwama-electrode kanye ne-electrolyte.
Amabhethri, noma i-BESS (uhlelo lokugcina amandla ebhethri), amelela indlela yokugcina amandla evame kakhulu esetshenziswa emisebenzini yansuku zonke. Kukhona ezinye izinhlelo zokugcina amandla njengezitshalo zamandla angaphansi kwamanzi eziguqula amandla angaba khona amanzi agcinwe edamini abe amandla kagesi. Amanzi awela phansi azophendula isondo eliyindilinga le-turbine elikhiqiza amandla kagesi. Esinye isibonelo igesi ecindezelwe, lapho ikhishwa igesi izophendula isondo lamandla akhiqiza i-turbine.
Okuhlukanisa amabhethri kwezinye izindlela zokugcina yizindawo zawo zokusebenza ezingaba khona. Kusukela kumadivayisi amancane kanye nokunikezwa kwamandla ezimoto kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwasekhaya kanye namapulazi amakhulu elanga, amabhethri angahlanganiswa kalula kunoma yiluphi uhlelo lokugcina ngaphandle kwegridi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindlela zikagesi wamanzi kanye nomoya ocindezelwe zidinga ingqalasizinda enkulu kakhulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi yokugcina. Lokhu kuholela ezindlekweni eziphakeme kakhulu ezidinga ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe.
Sebenzisa amakesi ezinhlelweni zokugcina izinto ngaphandle kwegridi.
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, izinhlelo zokugcina ugesi ngaphandle kwegridi zingenza kube lula ukusetshenziswa nokuthembela ezindleleni zamandla avuselelekayo njengamandla elanga nawomoya. Noma kunjalo, kunezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingazuza kakhulu kulezi zinhlelo.
Amagridi kagesi edolobha ahlose ukuhlinzeka ngenani elifanele lamandla ngokusekelwe ekuhlinzekweni nasekudingweni kwedolobha ngalinye. Amandla adingekayo angaguquguquka usuku lonke. Izinhlelo zokugcina ngaphandle kwegridi zisetshenziswe ukunciphisa ukuguquguquka nokunikeza ukuzinza okwengeziwe ezimweni zesidingo esiphezulu. Ngokombono ohlukile, izinhlelo zokugcina ngaphandle kwegridi zingaba usizo kakhulu ekukhokheleni noma yiliphi iphutha lobuchwepheshe elingalindelekile kugridi enkulu yamandla noma ngezikhathi zokulungisa ezihleliwe. Zingahlangabezana nezidingo zamandla ngaphandle kokufuna imithombo yamandla ehlukile. Umuntu angacaphuna isibonelo isiphepho seqhwa saseTexas ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari 2023 esashiya abantu ababalelwa ku-262 000 bengenawo ugesi, kuyilapho ukulungiswa kwabambezeleka ngenxa yezimo zezulu ezinzima.
Izimoto zikagesi zingenye indlela yokusebenzisa. Abacwaningi benze umzamo omkhulu wokuthuthukisa amasu okukhiqiza amabhethri nokushaja/ukukhipha ukuze kwandiswe isikhathi sokuphila kanye nobuningi bamandla amabhethri. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion abe phambili kulolu shintsho oluncane futhi asetshenziswe kakhulu ezimotweni ezintsha zikagesi kodwa futhi nasemabhasini kagesi. Amabhethri angcono kulokhu angaholela ebangeni elikhulu kodwa futhi anciphise izikhathi zokushaja ngobuchwepheshe obufanele.
Ezinye intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe ezifana nama-UAV namarobhothi ahambayo ziye zazuza kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwebhethri. Amasu okunyakaza kanye namasu okulawula ancike kakhulu emandleni ebhethri kanye namandla anikezwayo.
Iyini i-BESS
I-BESS noma uhlelo lokugcina amandla ebhethri luhlelo lokugcina amandla olungasetshenziswa ukugcina amandla. La mandla angavela kugridi eyinhloko noma emithonjeni yamandla avuselelekayo njengamandla omoya kanye namandla elanga. Akhiwe ngamabhethri amaningi ahlelwe ngezindlela ezahlukene (uchungechunge/okufanayo) kanye nosayizi ngokusekelwe ezidingweni. Axhunywe ku-inverter esetshenziselwa ukuguqula amandla e-DC abe amandla e-AC ukuze asetshenziswe. Uhlelo lokuphatha ibhethri (i-BMS) lusetshenziselwa ukuqapha izimo zebhethri kanye nokusebenza kokushaja/ukukhipha.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlelo zokugcina amandla, ziguquguquka kakhulu ukubeka/ukuxhuma futhi azidingi ingqalasizinda ebiza kakhulu, kodwa zisabiza kakhulu futhi zidinga ukulungiswa njalo ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni.
Usayizi we-BESS kanye nemikhuba yokusebenzisa
Iphuzu elibalulekile okufanele ulibhekane nalo lapho ufaka uhlelo lokugcina amandla ebhethri ukulinganisa ubukhulu. Mangaki amabhethri adingekayo? Kukuphi ukucushwa? Kwezinye izimo, uhlobo lwebhethri lungadlala indima ebalulekile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokwezindleko kanye nokusebenza kahle.
Lokhu kwenziwa ngokwesimo ngasinye njengoba ukusetshenziswa kungasukela emakhaya amancane kuya ezitshalweni ezinkulu zezimboni.
Umthombo wamandla avuselelekayo ovame kakhulu emindenini emincane, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, yilanga elisebenzisa amaphaneli e-photovoltaic. Unjiniyela ngokuvamile uzocabangela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuvamile kwendlu futhi ahlole ukukhanya kwelanga unyaka wonke endaweni ethile. Inani lamabhethri kanye nokulungiswa kwegridi yawo kukhethwa ukuze kuhambisane nezidingo zendlu ngesikhathi sokuphakelwa kwamandla elanga okuphansi kakhulu konyaka ngenkathi kungawachithi ngokuphelele amabhethri. Lokhu kucabanga ukuthi kuyisisombululo sokuba nokuzimela okuphelele kwamandla kusuka kugridi eyinhloko.
Ukugcina isimo sokushaja esilinganiselwe noma ukungawakhiphi amabhethri ngokuphelele kuyinto engase ingabi lula ekuqaleni. Phela, kungani sisebenzisa uhlelo lokugcina uma singakwazi ukulukhipha ngokugcwele? Ngokwemfundiso kungenzeka, kodwa kungase kungabi isu elikhulisa imbuyiselo ekutshalweni kwemali.
Enye yezinto ezimbi kakhulu ze-BESS izindleko eziphezulu zamabhethri. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha umkhuba wokusebenzisa noma isu lokushaja/lokukhipha elikhulisa isikhathi sokuphila kwebhethri kubalulekile. Isibonelo, amabhethri e-lead acid awakwazi ukukhishwa ngaphansi kuka-50% womthamo ngaphandle kokubhekana nomonakalo ongapheli. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion anobuningi bamandla obuphezulu, impilo yomjikelezo omude. Angakhishwa futhi kusetshenziswa amabanga amakhulu, kodwa lokhu kuza ngezindleko zentengo ekhuphukile. Kukhona umehluko omkhulu wezindleko phakathi kwamakhemikhali ahlukene, amabhethri e-lead acid angaba ngamakhulu kuya ezinkulungwaneni zamaRandi ashibhile kunebhethri le-lithium-ion elinobukhulu obufanayo. Yingakho amabhethri e-lead acid esetshenziswa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwelanga emazweni omhlaba wesithathu kanye nemiphakathi empofu.
Ukusebenza kwebhethri kuthinteka kakhulu ukuwohloka ngesikhathi sokuphila kwayo, ayinakho ukusebenza okuzinzile okuphela ngokuhluleka okungazelelwe. Esikhundleni salokho, amandla kanye nokuhlinzekwa kunganyamalala kancane kancane. Empeleni, isikhathi sebhethri kubhekwa njengokuphela lapho amandla alo efinyelela ku-80% womthamo walo wokuqala. Ngamanye amazwi, lapho lithola amandla angu-20%. Empeleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi inani eliphansi lamandla linganikezwa. Lokhu kungathinta izikhathi zokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo ezizimele ngokugcwele kanye nenani lebanga elingalimbozwa yi-EV.
Elinye iphuzu okufanele licatshangelwe ukuphepha. Ngokuthuthuka kokukhiqiza kanye nobuchwepheshe, amabhethri amuva nje abelokhu ezinze kakhulu ngamakhemikhali. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuwohloka kanye nomlando wokusetshenziswa kabi, amaseli angangena ekushiseni okungaholela emiphumeleni emibi futhi kwezinye izimo abeke impilo yabathengi engozini.
Yingakho izinkampani zithuthukise isofthiwe engcono yokuqapha amabhethri (i-BMS) ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwamabhethri kodwa futhi nokuqapha isimo sempilo ukuze zihlinzeke ngokunakekelwa ngesikhathi esifanele futhi zigweme imiphumela emibi kakhulu.
Isiphetho
Izinhlelo zokugcina amandla zegridi zinikeza ithuba elihle lokuthola ukuzimela kwamandla kusuka kugridi eyinhloko kodwa futhi zinikeza umthombo wamandla okusekelayo ngezikhathi zokungasebenzi kanye nezikhathi zomthwalo ophezulu. Intuthuko lapho izokwenza kube lula ukushintshela emithonjeni yamandla eluhlaza, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe umthelela wokukhiqizwa kwamandla ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu ngenkathi kusahlangatshezwana nezidingo zamandla ngokukhula okuqhubekayo kokusetshenziswa.
Izinhlelo zokugcina amandla ebhethri yizona ezisetshenziswa kakhulu futhi ezilula ukuzilungiselela izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene zansuku zonke. Ukuguquguquka kwazo okuphezulu kulawulwa yizindleko eziphakeme, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwamasu okuqapha ukuze kwandiswe isikhathi sokuphila esifanele ngangokunokwenzeka. Njengamanje, imboni kanye nezemfundo zizama kakhulu ukuphenya nokuqonda ukuwohloka kwebhethri ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukene.
