Kwa zaka 50 zapitazi, pakhala kuwonjezeka kosalekeza kwa kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo akuti akugwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi maola 25,300 a terawatt mu chaka cha 2021. Pamene makampani akusinthira ku 4.0, pali kuwonjezeka kwa kufunikira kwa mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi. Ziwerengerozi zikuwonjezeka chaka chilichonse, osaphatikizapo zofunikira za mphamvu zamafakitale ndi magawo ena azachuma. Kusintha kwa mafakitale kumeneku ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi zotsatira zowoneka bwino za kusintha kwa nyengo chifukwa cha mpweya woipa kwambiri. Pakadali pano, mafakitale ambiri opanga magetsi ndi malo opangira magetsi amadalira kwambiri magwero amafuta (mafuta ndi gasi) kuti akwaniritse zosowa zotere. Nkhawa za nyengozi zimaletsa kupanga mphamvu zowonjezera pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachikhalidwe. Chifukwa chake, kupanga njira zosungira mphamvu zogwira mtima komanso zodalirika kwakhala kofunikira kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire kuti mphamvu zimaperekedwa mosalekeza komanso modalirika kuchokera kuzinthu zongowonjezwdwanso.
Gawo la mphamvu layankha mwa kusintha kupita ku mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa kapena njira "zobiriwira". Kusinthaku kwathandizidwa ndi njira zopangira zinthu zabwino, zomwe zatsogolera ku kupanga bwino masamba a turbine ya mphepo. Komanso, ofufuza atha kukonza magwiridwe antchito a ma cell a photovoltaic, zomwe zatsogolera ku kupanga mphamvu bwino pa malo ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Mu 2021, kupanga magetsi kuchokera ku magwero a solar photovoltaic (PV) kunawonjezeka kwambiri, kufika pa 179 TWh ndipo kukuyimira kukula kwa 22% poyerekeza ndi 2020. Ukadaulo wa solar PV tsopano umapanga 3.6% ya kupanga magetsi padziko lonse lapansi ndipo pakadali pano ndi gwero lachitatu lalikulu lamphamvu zongowonjezwdwa pambuyo pa magetsi amadzi ndi mphepo.
Komabe, kupita patsogolo kumeneku sikuthetsa mavuto ena omwe alipo chifukwa cha mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa, makamaka kupezeka kwake. Njira zambirizi sizipanga mphamvu ngati zikufunika monga malo opangira magetsi a malasha ndi mafuta. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu ya dzuwa imapezeka tsiku lonse ndipo imasiyana malinga ndi ma angles a kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi malo a PV panel. Sipanga mphamvu iliyonse usiku pomwe mphamvu yake imachepa kwambiri nthawi yachisanu komanso masiku a mitambo. Mphamvu ya mphepo imavutikanso ndi kusinthasintha kutengera liwiro la mphepo. Chifukwa chake, njirazi ziyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi njira zosungira mphamvu kuti zipitirire kupereka mphamvu panthawi yotulutsa mphamvu yochepa.
Kodi njira zosungira mphamvu ndi ziti?
Machitidwe osungira mphamvu amatha kusunga mphamvu kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mtsogolo. Nthawi zina, padzakhala njira yosinthira mphamvu pakati pa mphamvu yosungidwa ndi mphamvu yoperekedwa. Chitsanzo chodziwika kwambiri ndi mabatire amagetsi monga mabatire a lithiamu-ion kapena mabatire a lead-acid. Amapereka mphamvu zamagetsi kudzera mu zochita za mankhwala pakati pa ma electrode ndi electrolyte.
Mabatire, kapena BESS (njira yosungira mphamvu ya batri), ndi njira yodziwika bwino yosungira mphamvu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Palinso njira zina zosungiramo mphamvu monga magetsi amadzi omwe amasintha mphamvu yomwe madzi amasunga m'damu kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Madzi omwe amagwa pansi amatembenuza gudumu la turbine lomwe limapanga mphamvu yamagetsi. Chitsanzo china ndi mpweya wopanikizika, womwe ukatulutsidwa, mpweyawo umatembenuza gudumu la mphamvu yopangira turbine.
Chomwe chimasiyanitsa mabatire ndi njira zina zosungiramo zinthu ndi malo omwe angathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuyambira pazida zazing'ono ndi magetsi a magalimoto mpaka kugwiritsa ntchito m'nyumba ndi minda yayikulu ya dzuwa, mabatire amatha kuphatikizidwa mosavuta ku malo aliwonse osungiramo zinthu omwe sagwiritsidwa ntchito pa gridi yamagetsi. Kumbali ina, njira zamagetsi ndi mpweya wopanikizika zimafuna zomangamanga zazikulu komanso zovuta kuti zisungidwe. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri zomwe zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kuti zitheke.
Gwiritsani ntchito mabokosi osungira zinthu zomwe sizili pa gridi.
Monga tanenera kale, makina osungira magetsi omwe sagwiritsidwa ntchito pa gridi yamagetsi angathandize kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kudalira njira zamagetsi zongowonjezwdwanso monga mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi mphepo. Komabe, palinso ntchito zina zomwe zingapindule kwambiri ndi makina otere.
Ma gridi amagetsi a mumzinda cholinga chake ndi kupereka mphamvu yoyenera kutengera kupezeka ndi kufunikira kwa mzinda uliwonse. Mphamvu yomwe ikufunika imatha kusinthasintha tsiku lonse. Makina osungira magetsi opanda gridi akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kusinthasintha ndikupereka kukhazikika kwakukulu pakafunika kwambiri. Kuchokera ku lingaliro lina, makina osungira magetsi opanda gridi angakhale othandiza kwambiri pothana ndi vuto lililonse laukadaulo lomwe silinachitikepo mu gridi yayikulu yamagetsi kapena nthawi yokonzedweratu yokonza. Amatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira zamagetsi popanda kufunafuna magwero ena amagetsi. Mwachitsanzo, munthu angatchule mphepo yamkuntho yamkuntho ya ku Texas kumayambiriro kwa February 2023 yomwe inasiya anthu pafupifupi 262,000 opanda magetsi, pomwe kukonza kunachedwa chifukwa cha nyengo yovuta.
Magalimoto amagetsi ndi ntchito ina. Ofufuza achita khama kwambiri kuti akonze bwino njira zopangira mabatire ndi kuyatsa/kutulutsa mphamvu kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi moyo wautali wa mabatire. Mabatire a lithiamu-ion akhala patsogolo pa kusinthaku kochepa ndipo agwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magalimoto atsopano amagetsi komanso m'mabasi amagetsi. Mabatire abwino pankhaniyi angapangitse kuti magalimoto aziyenda bwino komanso kuchepetsa nthawi yochaja pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo woyenera.
Kupita patsogolo kwina kwaukadaulo monga ma UAV ndi maloboti oyenda kwapindula kwambiri ndi kupanga mabatire. Njira zoyendetsera ndi njira zowongolera zimadalira kwambiri mphamvu ya batire ndi mphamvu zomwe zimaperekedwa.
Kodi BESS ndi chiyani?
BESS kapena dongosolo losungira mphamvu ya batri ndi dongosolo losungira mphamvu lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kusunga mphamvu. Mphamvu iyi ingachokere ku gridi yayikulu kapena kuchokera ku magwero amphamvu obwezerezedwanso monga mphamvu ya mphepo ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa. Imapangidwa ndi mabatire angapo omwe amakonzedwa mosiyanasiyana (mndandanda/zofanana) ndi kukula kutengera zofunikira. Amalumikizidwa ku inverter yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha mphamvu ya DC kukhala mphamvu ya AC kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito. Dongosolo loyang'anira batri (BMS) limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang'anira momwe batri imagwirira ntchito komanso momwe imachajidwira/kutulutsa mphamvu.
Poyerekeza ndi makina ena osungira mphamvu, amatha kusinthasintha kwambiri poyika/kulumikiza ndipo safuna zomangamanga zokwera mtengo kwambiri, koma amabwerabe ndi mtengo waukulu ndipo amafunika kukonzedwa nthawi zonse kutengera momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito.
Kukula kwa BESS ndi machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito
Mfundo yofunika kwambiri yoti muyike makina osungira mphamvu za batri ndi kukula kwake. Kodi mabatire angati amafunika? Mu kapangidwe kake? Nthawi zina, mtundu wa batri ungakhale ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakapita nthawi pankhani yosunga ndalama komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino.
Izi zimachitika pa nkhani iliyonse chifukwa ntchito zimatha kuyambira m'mabanja ang'onoang'ono mpaka m'mafakitale akuluakulu.
Gwero lamphamvu yongowonjezedwanso kwambiri m'mabanja ang'onoang'ono, makamaka m'mizinda, ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa pogwiritsa ntchito mapanelo a photovoltaic. Mainjiniya nthawi zambiri amaganizira za kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe nyumba imagwiritsa ntchito ndipo amayesa kuwala kwa dzuwa chaka chonse kuti adziwe malo enieni. Chiwerengero cha mabatire ndi mawonekedwe awo a gridi amasankhidwa kuti agwirizane ndi zosowa za nyumba panthawi yamagetsi otsika kwambiri a dzuwa pachaka pomwe mabatire sakutulutsa mphamvu zonse. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pali njira yothetsera vuto la kukhala ndi mphamvu yodziyimira payokha kuchokera ku gridi yayikulu.
Kusunga mphamvu yolipirira pang'ono kapena kusatulutsa mabatire onse ndi chinthu chomwe chingakhale chovuta poyamba. Ndipotu, bwanji kugwiritsa ntchito njira yosungiramo zinthu ngati sitingathe kuigwiritsa ntchito mokwanira? M'malingaliro ndizotheka, koma mwina si njira yomwe ingathandize kwambiri phindu la ndalama zomwe zayikidwa.
Chimodzi mwa zovuta zazikulu za BESS ndi mtengo wokwera wa mabatire. Chifukwa chake, kusankha chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito kapena njira yolipirira/kutulutsa yomwe imawonjezera moyo wa batri ndikofunikira. Mwachitsanzo, mabatire a lead acid sangatulutsidwe pansi pa mphamvu ya 50% popanda kuwonongeka kosatha. Mabatire a lithiamu-ion ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, moyo wautali. Amathanso kutulutsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yayikulu, koma izi zimabwera ndi mtengo wokwera. Pali kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mtengo pakati pa mankhwala osiyanasiyana, mabatire a lead acid akhoza kukhala otsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa batire ya lithiamu-ion ya kukula komweko. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mabatire a lead acid ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa m'maiko atatu ndi madera osauka.
Kugwira ntchito kwa batri kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuwonongeka kwa nthawi yonse ya moyo wake, sikugwira ntchito nthawi zonse komwe kumatha ndi kulephera mwadzidzidzi. M'malo mwake, mphamvu ndi zomwe zimaperekedwa zimatha kuzimiririka pang'onopang'ono. Mwachidule, nthawi ya batri imawonedwa kuti yatha mphamvu ikafika 80% ya mphamvu yake yoyambirira. Mwanjira ina, ikakumana ndi kutha kwa mphamvu ya 20%. Mwachidule, izi zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu zochepa zitha kuperekedwa. Izi zitha kukhudza nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito makina odziyimira pawokha komanso kuchuluka kwa mtunda womwe EV ingathe kuphimba.
Mfundo ina yofunika kuganizira ndi chitetezo. Chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa kupanga ndi ukadaulo, mabatire aposachedwa akhala okhazikika kwambiri pazamankhwala. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka ndi mbiri yogwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika, maselo amatha kutenthedwa ndi kutentha komwe kungayambitse zotsatira zoopsa ndipo nthawi zina kuyika miyoyo ya ogula pachiwopsezo.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake makampani apanga pulogalamu yabwino yowunikira mabatire (BMS) kuti azitha kuwongolera momwe mabatire amagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso kuyang'anira thanzi lawo kuti azitha kukonza nthawi yake ndikupewa zotsatirapo zoyipa.
Mapeto
Mwa njira zosungira mphamvu zamagetsi, njira zosungira mphamvu zamagetsi zimapereka mwayi waukulu wodziyimira pawokha pa gridi yayikulu komanso kuperekanso njira ina yopezera mphamvu panthawi yogwira ntchito komanso nthawi yomwe mphamvu zimakwera kwambiri. Kupititsa patsogolo kumeneku kungathandize kusintha kwa magwero a mphamvu zachilengedwe, motero kuchepetsa mphamvu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu zisinthe pa kusintha kwa nyengo pamene zikukwaniritsa zofunikira za mphamvu ndi kukula kosalekeza kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.
Machitidwe osungira mphamvu ya batri ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso osavuta kuwakhazikitsa pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana za tsiku ndi tsiku. Kusinthasintha kwawo kwakukulu kumatsutsidwa ndi mtengo wokwera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zowunikira kuti ziwonjezere nthawi ya moyo momwe zingathere. Pakadali pano, mafakitale ndi akatswiri akuphunzira akuyesetsa kwambiri kufufuza ndikumvetsetsa kuwonongeka kwa batri m'mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana.
