Mu myaka 50 ishize, hakomeje kwiyongera ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi ku isi, aho hateganijwe gukoreshwa amasaha agera ku 25.300 ya terawati mu mwaka wa 2021. Kubera ko ihinduka ry’inganda 4.0 rigiye kugerwaho, hari ukwiyongera kw’ibikenewe mu ngufu ku isi yose. Iyi mibare iriyongera buri mwaka, hatibagiranye ingufu zisabwa mu nganda n’izindi nzego z’ubukungu. Iri hinduka ry’inganda n’ikoreshwa ry’ingufu nyinshi bijyana n’ingaruka zigaragara z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ziterwa n’imyuka ihumanya ikirere ihumanya ikirere. Muri iki gihe, inganda nyinshi zikora amashanyarazi n’ibigo bikoresha ingufu zishingiye cyane ku masoko y’ibikomoka kuri peteroli (peteroli na gaze) kugira ngo zihuze n’ibyo byifuzo. Izi mpungenge z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere zibuza kongera ingufu hakoreshejwe uburyo busanzwe. Bityo, iterambere ry’uburyo bwiza kandi bwizewe bwo kubika ingufu ryarushijeho kuba ingenzi kugira ngo habeho gutanga ingufu zihoraho kandi zizewe zituruka ku masoko ashobora kongera gukoreshwa.
Urwego rw'ingufu rwasubije mu kwerekeza ku ngufu zishobora kuvugururwa cyangwa ibisubizo "bidahumanya ibidukikije". Impinduka zafashijwe n'uburyo bwo gukora bunoze, urugero nk'ingufu zikoreshwa mu gukora ibyuma by'umuyaga. Nanone, abashakashatsi bashoboye kunoza imikorere y'uturemangingo tw'amashanyarazi, bituma habaho gutanga ingufu nziza kuri buri gace gakoreshwa. Mu 2021, ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba (PV) ziyongereye cyane, zigera kuri 179 TWh kandi zigaragaza iterambere rya 22% ugereranije no mu 2020. Ikoranabuhanga rya PV y'izuba ubu rigize 3.6% by'amashanyarazi ku isi kandi ubu ni ryo soko rya gatatu ry'ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa nyuma y'ingufu z'amazi n'umuyaga.
Ariko, izi ntambwe ntizikemura zimwe mu mbogamizi ziterwa n’ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa, cyane cyane iziboneka. Ubu buryo bwinshi ntibutanga ingufu iyo bukenewe nk’inganda zitanga ingufu z’amakara n’amavuta. Urugero, ingufu zituruka ku mirasire y’izuba ziboneka umunsi wose, zigahinduka bitewe n’inguni z’imirasire y’izuba n’aho zishyirwa. Ntizishobora gutanga ingufu iyo ari yo yose nijoro mu gihe umusaruro wazo ugabanuka cyane mu gihe cy’itumba no mu minsi y’ibicu byinshi. Ingufu z’umuyaga nazo zihura n’ihindagurika bitewe n’umuvuduko w’umuyaga. Kubwibyo, izi ngamba zigomba guhuzwa n’uburyo bwo kubika ingufu kugira ngo ingufu zikomeze kuboneka mu gihe cy’umusaruro muke.
Uburyo bwo kubika ingufu ni iki?
Uburyo bwo kubika ingufu bushobora kubika ingufu kugira ngo buzikoreshe nyuma. Hari ubwo hazabaho uburyo bwo guhindura ingufu hagati y’ingufu zabitswe n’izitangwa. Urugero rukunze kugaragara ni bateri z’amashanyarazi nka bateri za lithium-ion cyangwa bateri za aside lead. Zitanga ingufu z’amashanyarazi binyuze mu mikorere ya shimi hagati ya electrodes na electrolyte.
Bateri, cyangwa BESS (uburyo bwo kubika ingufu za bateri), ni bwo buryo busanzwe bwo kubika ingufu bukoreshwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Hari ubundi buryo bwo kubika ingufu nk'inganda zikoresha amazi zihindura ingufu zishobora guterwa n'amazi abitswe mu rugomero mo ingufu z'amashanyarazi. Amazi agwa azahindura urukiramende rwa turbine itanga ingufu z'amashanyarazi. Urundi rugero ni gazi ifunze, iyo irekuwe gazi izazunguza urukiramende rwa turbine itanga ingufu.
Igitandukanya bateri n'ubundi buryo bwo kubika ni ahantu hashobora gukoreshwa. Kuva ku bikoresho bito n'amashanyarazi y'imodoka kugeza ku bikorwa byo mu ngo no mu mirima minini y'izuba, bateri zishobora guhuzwa neza n'ibikoresho byose byo kubika hanze y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Ku rundi ruhande, ingufu z'amazi n'uburyo bwo kubika umwuka ufunze bisaba ibikorwa remezo binini cyane kandi bigoye kubibika. Ibi bitera ibiciro bihanitse cyane bisaba ko bikorwa byinshi cyane kugira ngo bibe byemewe.
Koresha udusanduku twa sisitemu zo kubikamo ibintu bitari mu muhanda.
Nkuko byavuzwe mbere, uburyo bwo kubika amazi hanze y’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi bushobora koroshya ikoreshwa n’uburyo bwo gukoresha ingufu zisubira nk’ingufu z’izuba n’iz’umuyaga. Nubwo bimeze gutyo, hari izindi porogaramu zishobora kungukira cyane kuri ubwo buryo.
Imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi yo mu mujyi igamije gutanga ingufu zikwiye bitewe n'umusaruro n'ubusabe bwa buri mujyi. Ingufu zikenewe zishobora guhinduka umunsi wose. Uburyo bwo kubika hanze y'umuyoboro bwakoreshejwe mu kugabanya ihindagurika no gutanga ubusugire mu gihe cy'ubusabe bwinshi. Mu buryo butandukanye, uburyo bwo kubika hanze y'umuyoboro bushobora kuba ingirakamaro cyane mu kwishyura ikosa rya tekiniki ritunguranye mu muyoboro mukuru w'amashanyarazi cyangwa mu gihe cyo kubungabunga. Bushobora kuzuza ibisabwa by'amashanyarazi hatabayeho gushaka andi masoko y'ingufu. Urugero, umuntu ashobora kuvuga ku mvura y'urubura yo muri Texas mu ntangiriro za Gashyantare 2023 yasize abantu bagera ku 262.000 badafite amashanyarazi, mu gihe gusana byatinze kubera ikirere kigoye.
Imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi ni indi porogaramu. Abashakashatsi bashyizeho imbaraga nyinshi mu kunoza uburyo bwo gukora bateri no kuzikoresha mu gusharija/kuzisohora kugira ngo bagere ku gihe cy’ubuzima n’imbaraga za bateri. Bateri za Lithium-ion zagiye ku isonga muri iyi mpinduramatwara nto kandi zakoreshejwe cyane mu modoka nshya zikoresha amashanyarazi ariko no mu mabisi akoresha amashanyarazi. Bateri nziza muri iki gihe zishobora gutuma umuntu akoresha ikoranabuhanga rinini ariko kandi zikagabanya igihe cyo kuzikoresha mu ikoranabuhanga.
Izindi ntambwe zatewe mu ikoranabuhanga nka UAV na roboti zigendanwa zungukiye cyane ku iterambere rya bateri. Ingamba zo kugenda n'ingamba zo kugenzura bishingiye cyane ku bushobozi bwa bateri n'ingufu zitangwa.
BESS ni iki?
BESS cyangwa sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za batiri ni sisitemu yo kubika ingufu ishobora gukoreshwa mu kubika ingufu. Izi ngufu zishobora kuva ku muyoboro mukuru w’amashanyarazi cyangwa mu ngufu zishobora kuvugururwa nk’ingufu z’umuyaga n’ingufu z’izuba. Igizwe na batiri nyinshi zitondetse mu buryo butandukanye (uruhererekane/bisa) kandi zingana bitewe n’ibisabwa. Zihujwe na inverter ikoreshwa mu guhindura ingufu za DC muri AC kugira ngo zikoreshwe. Asisitemu yo gucunga bateri (BMS)ikoreshwa mu kugenzura imiterere ya bateri n'imikorere yo gusharija/gusohora umuriro.
Ugereranyije n'izindi sisitemu zo kubika ingufu, zoroshye cyane kuzishyira/kuzihuza kandi ntizisaba ibikorwa remezo bihenze cyane, ariko ziracyatwara amafaranga menshi kandi zikenera kwitabwaho buri gihe hashingiwe ku mikoreshereze yazo.
Uburyo BESS ikoresha ingano n'uburyo ikoreshwa
Ingingo y'ingenzi yo kwitaho mu gushyiraho sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za batiri ni ukugena ingano. Batiri zingahe zikenewe? Mu buryo ki? Hari ubwo ubwoko bwa batiri bushobora kugira uruhare runini mu gihe kirekire mu bijyanye no kuzigama amafaranga no kuyakoresha neza.
Ibi bikorwa buri kimwe ku kindi kuko bishobora gukoreshwa kuva ku ngo nto kugeza ku nganda nini.
Ingufu zikomoka ku miyoboro mito, cyane cyane mu mijyi, ni imirasire y'izuba ikoresha paneli za photovoltaic. Muri rusange, injeniyeri yasuzuma ikigereranyo cy'ikoreshwa ry'ingufu z'urugo kandi akagenzura imirasire y'izuba mu mwaka wose ku hantu runaka. Umubare wa bateri n'imiterere yazo bitoranywa kugira ngo bihuze n'ibyifuzo by'urugo mu gihe cy'ingufu nke cyane zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba mu mwaka mu gihe bitagabanya burundu bateri. Ibi ni ukureba igisubizo cyo kugira amashanyarazi adashingiye ku miyoboro minini.
Gukomeza gusharija mu buryo buri ku rugero runaka cyangwa kudasohora batiri burundu ni ikintu gishobora kugorana mu ntangiriro. N'ubundi kandi, kuki twakoresha sisitemu yo kubika amakuru niba tudashobora kuyakuramo ubushobozi bwose? Mu by'ukuri birashoboka, ariko bishobora kuba atari yo ngamba yo kongera inyungu ku ishoramari.
Imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye za BESS ni ikiguzi kinini cya batiri. Kubwibyo, guhitamo uburyo bwo gukoresha cyangwa ingamba zo gusharija/gusohora umuriro bituma batiri iramba ni ngombwa. Urugero, batiri za aside y'icyitegererezo ntizishobora gusohoka munsi ya 50% by'ubushobozi butazavaho bugira ingaruka mbi. Batiri za Lithium-ion zifite ingufu nyinshi, ziramba mu gihe kirekire. Zishobora kandi gusohoka hakoreshejwe ingano nini, ariko ibi biza ku giciro cyo kwiyongera. Hari itandukaniro rikomeye mu giciro hagati y'ibinyabutabire bitandukanye, batiri za aside y'icyitegererezo zishobora kuba zihendutse cyane kurusha batiri ya lithium-ion ifite ingano imwe. Iyi niyo mpamvu batiri za aside y'icyitegererezo ari zo zikoreshwa cyane mu mikoreshereze y'izuba mu bihugu bya gatatu ku isi no mu miryango ikennye.
Imikorere ya bateri iterwa cyane no kwangirika mu gihe cy'ubuzima bwayo, ntabwo igira imikorere ihamye irangirana no gucika intege gutunguranye. Ahubwo, ubushobozi n'ibyatanzwe bishobora gucika buhoro buhoro. Mu by'ukuri, igihe bateri imara kigaragara ko cyarangiye iyo ubushobozi bwayo bugeze kuri 80% by'ubushobozi bwayo bwa mbere. Mu yandi magambo, iyo ihuye n'igabanuka rya 20%. Mu by'ukuri, ibi bivuze ko ingufu nke zishobora gutangwa. Ibi bishobora kugira ingaruka ku gihe cyo gukoresha sisitemu zigenga ndetse n'ingano y'urugendo EV ishobora gukora.
Indi ngingo yo gusuzuma ni umutekano. Bitewe n'iterambere mu nganda n'ikoranabuhanga, bateri ziheruka muri rusange zakomeje kuba nziza mu bijyanye n'imiti. Ariko kubera kwangirika no gukoreshwa nabi, uturemangingo dushobora kujya mu bushyuhe bukabije, ibyo bikaba byatera ingaruka mbi ndetse rimwe na rimwe bigashyira ubuzima bw'abaguzi mu kaga.
Niyo mpamvu ibigo byashyizeho porogaramu nziza yo kugenzura bateri (BMS) kugira ngo igenzure ikoreshwa rya bateri ariko inakurikirane uko ubuzima buhagaze kugira ngo bitange isuku ku gihe no kwirinda ingaruka mbi.
Umwanzuro
Muri uru rubuga, uburyo bwo kubika ingufu butanga amahirwe menshi yo kugera ku bushobozi bwo kudakoresha urusobe rw’amashanyarazi, ariko kandi butanga isoko y’ingufu mu gihe cyo kudakora neza no mu gihe cyo gusohora ingufu nyinshi. Iterambere ryabyo ryafasha mu guhindura isoko ry’ingufu zikomoka ku bidukikije, bityo bikagabanya ingaruka zo gutanga ingufu ku mihindagurikire y’ikirere mu gihe hakiri kare mu gihe cyo gushyira ingufu mu bikorwa.
Sisitemu zo kubika ingufu za batiri ni zo zikoreshwa cyane kandi zoroshye kuzishyiraho mu buryo butandukanye bwa buri munsi. Uburyo bworoshye bwo kuzikoresha buterwa n'igiciro kinini, bigatuma habaho ingamba zo kuzikurikirana kugira ngo zongere igihe cyo kuzikoresha uko bishoboka kose. Muri iki gihe, inganda n'amashuri makuru birimo gushyira imbaraga nyinshi mu bushakashatsi no gusobanukirwa kwangirika kwa batiri mu bihe bitandukanye.
Ingingo bifitanye isano:
Ibisubizo by'Ingufu Bikozwe mu Buryo Bwite – Uburyo Bushya bwo Kubona Ingufu
Kongera ingufu zisubira: Uruhare rw'ububiko bw'amashanyarazi ya batiri
Iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga rya bateri mu buryo bwo kubika ingufu zo mu mazi
