Kwiminyaka engama-50 edlulileyo, kubekho ukunyuka okuqhubekayo kokusetyenziswa kombane kwihlabathi liphela, kunye nokusetyenziswa okuqikelelweyo malunga neeyure ezingama-25,300 ze-terawatt ngonyaka ka-2021. Ngokutshintshela kwishishini i-4.0, kukho ukwanda kweemfuno zamandla kwihlabathi liphela. La manani ayanda minyaka le, ngaphandle kweemfuno zamandla kumacandelo emizi-mveliso nakwamanye amacandelo ezoqoqosho. Olu tshintsho lwemizi-mveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kudibene nemiphumo ebonakalayo yotshintsho lwemozulu ngenxa yokukhutshwa kakhulu kweegesi ezibangela ukufudumala komhlaba. Okwangoku, uninzi lwezityalo kunye nezibonelelo zokuvelisa umbane zixhomekeke kakhulu kwimithombo yamafutha efosili (ioyile kunye negesi) ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezinjalo. Ezi nkxalabo zemozulu ziyakuthintela ukuveliswa kwamandla okongezelelweyo kusetyenziswa iindlela eziqhelekileyo. Ke ngoko, uphuhliso lweenkqubo zokugcina amandla ezisebenzayo nezithembekileyo luye lwabaluleka ngakumbi ukuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa kwamandla okuqhubekayo nokuthembekileyo kwimithombo evuselelekayo.
Icandelo lamandla liphendule ngokutshintshela kumandla avuselelekayo okanye kwizisombululo "eziluhlaza". Olu tshintsho luncedwe ziindlela zokuvelisa eziphuculweyo, ezikhokelela kukwenziwa ngcono kweeblade ze-wind turbine. Kwakhona, abaphandi bakwazile ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kweeseli ze-photovoltaic, okukhokelela ekuvelisweni ngcono kwamandla kwindawo nganye esetyenziswayo. Ngo-2021, ukuveliswa kombane kwimithombo ye-solar photovoltaic (PV) kwanda kakhulu, kwafikelela kwirekhodi ye-179 TWh kwaye kubonisa ukukhula kwe-22% xa kuthelekiswa no-2020. Itekhnoloji ye-solar PV ngoku ibandakanya i-3.6% yokuveliswa kombane kwihlabathi liphela kwaye okwangoku ngumthombo wesithathu ngobukhulu wamandla avuselelekayo emva kwamandla e-hydropower kunye nomoya.
Nangona kunjalo, ezi mpumelelo azizisombululi ezinye zeengxaki ezikhoyo kwiinkqubo zamandla avuselelekayo, ikakhulu ukufumaneka. Uninzi lwezi ndlela aluvelisi amandla xa kufuneka njengezityalo zamandla amalahle kunye neoyile. Umzekelo, amandla elanga afumaneka imini yonke ngokutshintshatshintsha kuxhomekeke kwii-engile zokukhanya kwelanga kunye nokubekwa kwepaneli ye-PV. Ayinakuvelisa amandla ebusuku ngelixa amandla ayo ehla kakhulu ngexesha lasebusika nakwiimini ezinamafu kakhulu. Amandla omoya nawo ayachaphazeleka kukuguquguquka kuxhomekeke kwisantya somoya. Ke ngoko, ezi zisombululo kufuneka zidityaniswe neenkqubo zokugcina amandla ukuze kugcinwe ukunikezelwa kwamandla ngexesha lemveliso ephantsi.
Zithini iinkqubo zokugcina amandla?
Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla zinokugcina amandla ukuze zisetyenziswe kamva. Kwezinye iimeko, kuya kubakho uhlobo lokuguqulwa kwamandla phakathi kwamandla agciniweyo kunye namandla anikiweyo. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo ziibhetri zombane ezifana neebhetri ze-lithium-ion okanye iibhetri ze-lead-acid. Zibonelela ngamandla ombane ngendlela yeempendulo zeekhemikhali phakathi kwee-electrodes kunye ne-electrolyte.
Iibhetri, okanye i-BESS (inkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri), zimela indlela eqhelekileyo yokugcina amandla esetyenziswa kwimisebenzi yobomi bemihla ngemihla. Kukho ezinye iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ezifana nezityalo zamanzi eziguqula amandla anokubakho amanzi agcinwe edamini abe ngamandla ombane. Amanzi awela phantsi aya kujika ivili elijikelezayo le-turbine evelisa amandla ombane. Omnye umzekelo yigesi ecinezelweyo, xa ikhutshwa igesi iya kujika ivili lamandla avelisa i-turbine.
Okwahlula iibhetri kwezinye iindlela zokugcina izinto ziindlela ezinokwenzeka zokusebenza kwazo. Ukusuka kwizixhobo ezincinci kunye nombane weemoto ukuya kwizicelo zasekhaya kunye neefama ezinkulu zelanga, iibhetri zinokudityaniswa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka nakweyiphi na indawo yokugcina izinto ngaphandle kwegridi. Kwelinye icala, iindlela zamandla ombane kunye nomoya ocinezelweyo zifuna iziseko zophuhliso ezinkulu nezintsonkothileyo zokugcina izinto. Oku kukhokelela kwiindleko eziphezulu kakhulu ezifuna izicelo ezinkulu kakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe.
Sebenzisa iikheyisi kwiinkqubo zokugcina izinto ezingaphandle kwegridi.
Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, iinkqubo zokugcina umbane ngaphandle kwegridi zinokwenza kube lula ukusetyenziswa nokuxhomekeka kwiindlela zamandla avuselelekayo ezifana namandla elanga nawomoya. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iindlela ezinokuncedakala kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezinjalo.
Iigridi zombane zesixeko zijolise ekuboneleleni ngobungakanani obufanelekileyo bamandla ngokusekelwe kubonelelo kunye nemfuno yesixeko ngasinye. Umbane ofunekayo unokutshintshatshintsha imini yonke. Iinkqubo zokugcina ngaphandle kwegridi zisetyenziselwe ukunciphisa ukuguquguquka nokubonelela ngozinzo olungakumbi kwiimeko zemfuno ephezulu. Kwimbono eyahlukileyo, iinkqubo zokugcina ngaphandle kwegridi zinokuba luncedo kakhulu ekuhlawuleni nayiphi na impazamo yobuchwephesha engalindelekanga kwigridi yombane ephambili okanye ngexesha lokugcinwa okucwangcisiweyo. Zinokuhlangabezana neemfuno zamandla ngaphandle kokufuna eminye imithombo yamandla. Umzekelo, umntu angakhankanya isiphepho somkhenkce saseTexas ekuqaleni kukaFebruwari 2023 esashiya abantu abamalunga nama-262 000 bengenambane, ngelixa ukulungiswa kwalibaziseka ngenxa yeemeko zemozulu ezinzima.
Izithuthi zombane zesinye isicelo. Abaphandi benze umgudu omkhulu wokuphucula ukwenziwa kweebhetri kunye namaqhinga okutshaja/ukukhupha iibhetri ukuze bandise ubomi kunye noxinano lwamandla eebhetri. Iibhetri zeLithium-ion beziphambili kolu tshintsho luncinci kwaye zisetyenziswe kakhulu kwiimoto ezintsha zombane kodwa nakwiibhasi zombane. Iibhetri ezingcono kweli tyala zinokukhokelela kwimayile enkulu kodwa zinciphise namaxesha okutshaja ngetekhnoloji efanelekileyo.
Ezinye iinkqubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe ezifana nee-UAV kunye neerobhothi eziphathwayo ziye zazuza kakhulu kuphuhliso lwebhetri. Amaqhinga okuhamba kunye namaqhinga okulawula axhomekeke kakhulu kumthamo webhetri kunye namandla anikiweyo.
Yintoni iBESS
Inkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri iBESS yinkqubo yokugcina amandla enokusetyenziswa ukugcina amandla. La mandla angavela kwigridi ephambili okanye kwimithombo yamandla avuselelekayo njengamandla omoya kunye namandla elanga. Yenziwe ngeebhetri ezininzi ezicwangciswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo (uthotho/ngokufanayo) kunye nobukhulu obusekelwe kwiimfuno. Ziqhagamshelwe kwi-inverter esetyenziselwa ukuguqula amandla e-DC abe ngamandla e-AC ukuze asetyenziswe.inkqubo yolawulo lwebhetri (i-BMS)isetyenziselwa ukujonga imeko yebhetri kunye nokusebenza kokutshaja/ukukhupha itshaja.
Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iinkqubo zokugcina amandla, ziyakwazi ukuguquguquka xa zifakwa/ziqhagamshelwa kwaye azifuni ziseko zophuhliso ezibiza kakhulu, kodwa zibiza kakhulu kwaye zifuna ukulungiswa rhoqo ngokusekelwe kwindlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo.
Ubungakanani beBESS kunye nemikhwa yokusebenzisa
Ingongoma ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa kufakwa inkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri kukulinganisa ubungakanani. Zingaphi iibhetri ezifunekayo? Zikwimeko enjani? Kwezinye iimeko, uhlobo lwebhetri lunokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhambeni kwexesha ngokubhekiselele ekongeni iindleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.
Oku kwenziwa ngokwemeko nganye njengoko izicelo zingaqala kumakhaya amancinci ukuya kwizityalo ezinkulu zoshishino.
Umthombo wamandla avuselelekayo oqhelekileyo kwiintsapho ezincinci, ingakumbi kwiindawo zasezidolophini, lilanga elisebenzisa iiphaneli ze-photovoltaic. Injineli ngokubanzi iya kuqwalasela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okuqhelekileyo kwekhaya kwaye ihlole ukukhanya kwelanga kulo lonke unyaka kwindawo ethile. Inani leebhetri kunye nolwakhiwo lwazo lwegridi likhethwa ukuze lihambelane neemfuno zekhaya ngexesha lombane welanga ophantsi kakhulu wonyaka ngelixa lingawakhuphi ngokupheleleyo amabhetri. Oku kuthetha ukuba isisombululo sokuba nokuzimela ngokupheleleyo kwamandla kwigridi ephambili.
Ukugcina ibhetri ikwimeko ephakathi okanye ukungakhuphi ngokupheleleyo yinto enokuba yinto engaqondakaliyo ekuqaleni. Kaloku, kutheni sisebenzise inkqubo yokugcina izinto ukuba asinakuyikhupha ngokupheleleyo? Ngokwethiyori kunokwenzeka, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba asilocebo eliya kwandisa imbuyekezo kutyalo-mali.
Enye yezona zinto zingalunganga zeBESS ziindleko eziphezulu zeebhetri. Ke ngoko, ukukhetha umkhwa wokusebenzisa okanye icebo lokutshaja/lokukhupha ibhetri eliphucula ubomi bebhetri kubalulekile. Umzekelo, iibhetri ze-lead acid azinakukhutshwa ngaphantsi kwe-50% yomthamo ngaphandle kokufumana umonakalo ongenakulungiseka. Iibhetri zeLithium-ion zinamandla aphezulu, ubomi bomjikelo omde. Zinokukhutshwa kusetyenziswa uluhlu olukhulu, kodwa oku kuza ngexabiso eliphakamileyo. Kukho umahluko omkhulu kwixabiso phakathi kweekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo, iibhetri ze-lead acid zinokuba ngamakhulu ukuya kumawaka eedola ngexabiso eliphantsi kunebhetri ye-lithium-ion enobukhulu obufanayo. Yingakho iibhetri ze-lead acid zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizicelo zelanga kumazwe ehlabathi lesithathu kunye noluntu oluhlwempuzekileyo.
Ukusebenza kwebhetri kuchaphazeleka kakhulu kukuwohloka ngexesha lokuphila kwayo, ayinayo ukusebenza okuzinzileyo okuphela ngokusilela ngequbuliso. Endaweni yoko, amandla kunye nokunikezelwa kunokunyamalala ngokuthe ngcembe. Ngokwenyani, ubomi bebhetri buthathwa njengobuphelileyo xa amandla ayo efikelela kwi-80% yomthamo wayo wokuqala. Ngamanye amazwi, xa ifumana amandla okunyamalala angama-20%. Ngokwenyani, oku kuthetha ukuba amandla aphantsi anokubonelelwa. Oku kunokuchaphazela amaxesha okusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo kunye nobungakanani beekhilomitha ezinokuthi zigutyungelwe yi-EV.
Elinye inqaku ekufuneka liqwalaselwe kukhuseleko. Ngokuhambela phambili kwemveliso kunye netekhnoloji, iibhetri zamva nje ngokubanzi bezizinzile ngakumbi kwiikhemikhali. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuwohloka kunye nembali yokusetyenziswa gwenxa, iiseli zinokungena kwi-thermal runaway nto leyo enokubangela iziphumo ezimbi kwaye kwezinye iimeko zibeke ubomi babathengi esichengeni.
Yingakho iinkampani ziphuhlise isoftware engcono yokujonga iibhetri (i-BMS) ukulawula ukusetyenziswa kweebhetri kodwa kwanokujonga imeko yempilo ukuze zibonelele ngokugcinwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwaye kuthintelwe iziphumo ezibi.
Isiphelo
Kwiigridi-iinkqubo zokugcina amandla zibonelela ngethuba elihle lokufumana ukuzimela kwamandla kwigridi ephambili kodwa zikwabonelela ngomthombo wamandla ongezelelweyo ngexesha lokungasebenzi kunye nexesha lomthwalo ophezulu. Uphuhliso apho luya kwenza kube lula ukutshintshela kwimithombo yamandla eluhlaza, ngaloo ndlela kuthintelwe impembelelo yokuveliswa kwamandla kutshintsho lwemozulu ngelixa kusahlangatyezwana neemfuno zamandla ngokukhula okuqhubekayo kokusetyenziswa.
Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye kulula ukuzilungiselela kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zemihla ngemihla. Ukuguquguquka kwazo okuphezulu kuthintelwa yindleko ephezulu, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwezicwangciso zokubeka esweni ukuze kwandiswe ubomi obufanelekileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Okwangoku, amashishini kunye nezifundo zizama ngamandla onke ukuphanda nokuqonda ukonakala kwebhetri phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo.
Inqaku elinxulumene nalo:
Izisombululo Zamandla Ezenzelwe Wena – Iindlela Ezintsha Zokufikelela Kumandla
Ukwandisa Amandla Avuselelekayo: Indima Yokugcina Amandla Ebhetri
I-APU yoMbane eHlaziyiweyo (iYunithi yoMbane eNcedisayo) iyichasa njani i-APU yeLori eqhelekileyo
Uphuhliso kwitekhnoloji yebhetri kwiinkqubo zokugcina amandla olwandle
